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Definition: "An ergogenic aid is any substance or phenomenon that enhances performance "
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30.03.2011 |
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Tamoxifen works differently
The working mechanism of anti-oestrogen tamoxifen citrate – active ingredient of Nolvadex – is more complex than underground manuals would have you believe. Researchers at Duke University discovered this when they did tests on cells. And their findings are probably valid for all SERMs – so also for clomiphene, raloxifene and toremifene.
SERM's
This is what the manuals say, and the story so far is true. But tamoxifen does something else too, the Duke University researchers discovered. They were puzzled as to how it's possible that tamoxifen also has oestrogenic effects: it keeps bones strong, prevents the womb from breaking down and keeps arteries flexible.
The conventional explanation for these effects is that in some tissues tamoxifen apparently does function as an oestrogen. The researchers weren't so convinced, so they looked further.
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor signals toxic substances. When cells get a signal from the aryl hydrocarbon receptor they start to produce more detoxifying enzymes like CYP1A1 and CYP1B1. These enzymes convert estradiol into inactive or less active metabolites.
Cancer cells
The two figures below show what happened when the researchers deactivated the estradiol receptor in MCF7 cells, using a molecular technique. [siERaC] The researchers also used the technique, but without making any changes in the cell. [Mock] The effect of the tamoxifen remained unchanged.
At present there are anti-oestrogen supplements available on the market containing plant extracts that not only sabotage aromatase, but that also activate the aryl hydrocarbon receptor.
Long term use
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